Biomechanical factors play a crucial role in the steady state maintenance of articular cartilage. Primary cilium is an independent organ that can simultaneously sense mechanical and chemical signals. It has been found in recent years on the surface of chondrocyte membranes. It is involved in multiple signal transduction pathways and is involved in the process of chondrocyte phenotype maintenance and material metabolism. At the same time, abnormalities in primary cilia are also associated with a variety of human bone and joint diseases. This paper mainly discusses the mechanism of primary cilia in the mechanical microenvironment of chondrocytes, and the interaction with other signaling pathways, and explores its relationship with bone and joint diseases, in order to provide a scientific basis for orthopedic clinical and basic scientific research.