Objective To reconstruct the complete biological tissue engineered blood vessels(TEBV)in vitro,the biological change of vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMC) planted on the scaffolds of TEBV and the biomechanics characteristic of the TEBV were investigated. Methods The decellularised scaffolds were obtained from swine common carotid arteries by enzyme digestion. VSMC isolated from dog thoracic aorta were seeded onto the inner surface of scaffolds and they were cultured in vitro for 4w. The change of reconstruction TEBV was checked by histological staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation. The expressions of smooth muscle-alpha-actin (SMA), platelet-derived growth factor- AA(PDGF-AA) and metalloproteinases-2(MMP-2) in TEBV were also detected by immunohistochemistry staining and image analysis. The thoracic aorta of immature dogs and adult dogs were separately chosen as the controls. The biomechanics characteristic of the TEBV, including rupture intensity, the relation ship of stress and strain, and the loose experiment of TEBV were all tested by INSTRON 1122 electron mechanics test system. Results VSMC gradually proliferated a lot and migrated into scaffolds. There were desmosome and gap conjunction of cells in TEBV cultured for 2 or 4w. The expression level of SMA was higher in TEBV cultured for 2 or 4w than that of the immature dog vessels, but significantly higher than that of the adult dog vessels. The expression level of MMP-2 was higher in TEBV cultured for 2 or 4w TEBV was similar to the one of the immature dog. The stress-strain curve of TEBV showed the characteristic viscoelasticity and the value of strain rate,loosen stress, and rupture intensity of TEBV were similar to that of physiological blood vessels. Conclusions With expressing of more PDGF-AA and less SMA and secreting of more MMP-2, VSMC in complete biological TEBV transformed from contractile phenotype to synthetic phenotype and proliferated and migrated rapidly into scaffolds, which resulted in the TEBV wall remodeling and the biomechanics characteristic similar to that of physiological blood vessels.