Researches on mechanical properties of biological hard tissues are of great importance to the prevention and treatment for both bone diseases and oral diseases. Meanwhile, biological materials possess superior mechanical properties due to long-term evolution, and studies on the structure and mechanical properties of these materials can provide useful solutions for the design of engineering materials. However, unlike engineering materials, mechanical studies on biological materials need specific methods to accurately characterize the mechanical performance. This paper summarized the research methods on mechanical properties of biological hard tissues, including routine mechanical tests, fracture mechanics tests, nanoindentation tests, as well as numerical simulation techniques in nano, micro and macro scales.