Objective To establish a hydraulic system model of the aqueous humor circulation in the human eye and explore the characteristics of aqueous humor flow and intraocular pressure changes under various types of glaucoma and surgical conditions. Methods A hydraulic system model of aqueous humor circulation was constructed using AMESim software based on ocular structural parameters to simulate the fluid dynamics of aqueous humor in three types of glaucoma and their surgical interventions. Results Significant elevation in intraocular pressure was observed with pathological changes such as trabecular meshwork obstruction, anterior chamber angle contraction, and narrowing of the iris-lens gap. Through simulations of surgical interventions, including trabeculectomy, iridectomy, and ciliary body ablation, aqueous outflow resistance was effectively reduced, leading to controlled intraocular pressure. Conclusion By successfully simulating both the pathological conditions of glaucoma and the dynamic intraocular pressure changes under surgical interventions, the hydraulic system model accurately reflects the physiological characteristics of glaucoma. The model not only predicts the effects of therapeutic interventions but also provides reliable simulation support for the diagnosis and optimization of treatment strategies for glaucoma.