Objective To investigate the dynamic mechanical responses and damage characteristics of peri-implant bone structures subjected to impact load. Methods A finite element model of the peri-implant bone microstructure was established, and an initial velocity was applied to the rigid body to simulate the impact load. A stress failure criterion was employed and a user-material subroutine was developed to assess failure. Subsequently, bone damage after the impact load was analyzed according to the material subroutine. Results After the impact load, the stress on the cortical bone increased rapidly, reaching a peak value (5.92 MPa) immediately. In contrast, the stress on the trabecular bone at the bottom of the implant reached its peak value (5.85 MPa) at 0.1μs. The impact load resulted in stress waves that propagated and diffused within the bone structure, causing changes in the bone structure damage over time. The generated impact energy could be absorbed and dissipated by the trabecular bone through deformation. The deformed trabecular bone experienced damage and failure upon reaching the yield limit, whereas the cortical bone did not experience damage or failure under an impact load. Conclusions Structural changes in the trabecular bone should be considered in patients with impact damage. The numerical model established in this study can effectively predict bone impact damage by combining the structural mechanical properties and geometric characteristics of the bones. These findings can serve as a reference for assessing bone damage and post-damage treatment in patients subjected to impact loads in clinical practice.