我国男子越野滑雪运动员长距离传统式上坡双杖推进技术的生物力学分析
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国家重点研发计划“科技冬奥”重点专项(2018YFF0300404)


Biomechanical Analysis of Chinese Male Cross-Country Skiers with Double Poling Technique on Uphill Terrain during Long Distance Classical Race
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    摘要:

    目的 针对我国男子越野滑雪运动员上坡双杖推进技术进行生物力学分析,确定不同水平运动员动作技术差异,明确运动员动作技术对运动表现的影响。方法 选取2019年9月11~12日在吉林北山四季越野滑雪场15 km传统式越野滑雪比赛的24名运动员为研究对象,按比赛成绩分为高速组和低速组,通过三维拍摄方法获得运动学参数,分析两组运动员在周期特征、动作阶段以及关键技术指标上的差异。结果 高速组周期速度显著大于低速组,滑幅与周期速度正相关,回摆距离与周期速度正相关;撑杖阶段的肘伸展平均角速度与回摆距离正相关,肘伸展时长与回摆距离负相关;回摆阶段的肩伸展平均角速度、肩外展活动范围与回摆距离正相关。以上指标在高、低速组间均表现出统计学差异。结论 运动员上坡动作速度的差异主要由滑幅导致,滑幅的差异主要来自于回摆阶段,回摆距离越大,周期速度越大。影响运动员回摆距离差异的技术主要集中在上肢肩、肘关节。在今后训练中,我国低速组运动员应加强上肢肌肉力量,尤其是肩、肘关节力量,进一步充分发挥肩、肘关节活动的作用。同时在雪杖触地时刻,应注意增大的身体前倾角以及髋、膝关节的屈曲角度。

    Abstract:

    Objective By making biomechanical analysis of double poling (DP) technique on uphill terrain used by Chinese male cross-country (XC) skiers, to characterize biomechanical differences in DP for skiers at different levels, and determine the influence from motion techniques of skiers on their sports performance. Methods Twenty-four male XC skiers who participated in the 15 km classical race at the Beishan ski resort in Jilin, China, on Sept. 11-12, 2019 were selected in this study. On the basis of their race performance, they were divided into faster skiing group (n=12) and slower skiing group (n=12). The kinematic variables of the skiers were obtained by three-dimensional (3D) shooting, and the differences in cycle characteristics, action phases and key technique variables for skiers in two groups were analyzed. Results Faster skiers had a faster DP velocity. There was a positive correlation between swing distance and velocity. The swing distance was positively correlated with average angular velocity of elbow extension in poling phase, average angular velocity of shoulder extension in swing phase, and range of motion (ROM) of shoulder abduction. The swing distance was negatively correlated with extension of the elbow in poling phase. All the above variables showed statistical differences between faster and slower skiers. Conclusions For a long distance competition, the difference in DP velocity on uphill terrain was mainly casued by the difference in swing distance, which originated from the swing phase. Faster skier had a longer swing distance. The differences in the swing distance came mainly from the shoulder and elbow joints. Therefore, slower XC skiers in China should strengthen muscle strength of the upper limbs, especially the shoulder and elbow joint strength. More forward body leaning and larger hip and knee flexion angle at pole plant might help the skier to cover more distance.

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李秋捷,包蕾,朱晓兰.我国男子越野滑雪运动员长距离传统式上坡双杖推进技术的生物力学分析[J].医用生物力学,2021,36(4):553-559

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  • 收稿日期:2021-05-22
  • 最后修改日期:2021-05-24
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  • 在线发布日期: 2021-08-23
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