生物力学视角下高山滑雪运动员竞技表现的影响因素
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国家重点研发计划“科技冬奥”专项课题(2018YFF0300905)


Influence Factors for Competitive Performance of Alpine Skiers in the View of Biomechanics
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    摘要:

    在当前科技助力北京冬奥备战的背景下,系统梳理分析近年来与高山滑雪运动员竞技表现相关的生物力学研究热点和最新成果,确定影响高山滑雪运动员竞技表现的生物力学因素,包括空气阻力、雪板摩擦力、地面反作用力、能量损失、回转半径、雪板和/或重心轨迹。另外,单个回转技术、多个回转衔接技术和个人能力之间的生物力学差异对高山滑雪竞技表现具有重要影响。在回转和大回转项目中,可利用更早的转向启动、更长的滑行轨迹、应用地面反作用力更早更平稳介入以及卡宾技术来降低雪板摩擦力,进而减少能量损耗,提升运动表现。速度滑行阶段应将手臂靠近身体成椭圆形姿势来最大限度减少迎风区域面积,以减少空气阻力造成的能量损失,也可以提升运动表现。顶级水平的高山滑雪运动员会在比赛中针对不同赛道、地形和雪况始终保持良好表现。生物力学视角下优异的高山滑雪竞技表现包括势能的高效利用、最大限度地减少雪板摩擦和空气阻力、选择最佳路线并持续保持高速滑行。在训练和比赛中,应重视个人战术和技术。为了获得更好的成绩,在多个路段和不同地形上的相同表现比在个别路段和特定条件下的卓越表现更重要。

    Abstract:

    Under the background of technological assistance to prepare for the Beijing Winter Olympics in China, the biomechanical research highlights and the latest achievements related to competitive performance of alpine skiers in recent years were systematically analyzed in this paper, so as to determine biomechanical factors affecting competitive performance of alpine skiers, including aerodynamic drag, frictional forces, ground reaction force (GRF), energy dissipation, turn radius, trajectory of the skis and/or center of mass (COM). In addition, biomechanical differences in turn techniques, multiple turns connections and abilities of individuals were also considered as important factors affecting the alpine skiing performance. In the case of slalom and giant slalom events, the earlier initiation of turns, longer path length and trajectory, earlier and smoother application of GRF, and carbene technique carving to reduce the ski-snow friction and thereby dissipate energy should be used to improve sports performance. During speed skiing, minimizing the exposed frontal area and positioning the arms close to the body can reduce the energy loss caused by aerodynamic drag, thereby improving sports performance. Top-level alpine skiers will always perform well on different courses, terrains and snow conditions during the race. Excellent alpine ski performance from a biomechanical perspective includes the efficient use of potential energy, minimizing ski-snow friction and aerodynamic drag, choosing optimal trajectory and maintaining high-speed skiing. Individual tactics and techniques should be valued in training and competition. For better results, the same performance on multiple sections and on different terrains is more important than excellence in individual sections and specific conditions.

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武金萍,赵亮,孙冬,顾耀东.生物力学视角下高山滑雪运动员竞技表现的影响因素[J].医用生物力学,2021,36(4):502-509

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  • 收稿日期:2021-04-30
  • 最后修改日期:2021-05-04
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  • 在线发布日期: 2021-08-23
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