The traditional method of in vitro biomechanical study cannot simulate the realistic environment in human body due to the limitation of in vitro technology. Using advanced imaging techniques and testing methods, in vivo biomechanical studies of cervical spine kinematics can directly observe the cervical spine motion of living subjects. The data obtain repeats physiological situations and has important implications for improvement in clinical practice. In this paper, the biomechanical research methods of cervical spine kinematics, as well as the development process and current status were reviewed. The postoperative changes in cervical spine kinematics and the effects on adjacent segments following cervical spine fusion and cervical disc arthroplasty surgery were analyzed. The future developments in cervical spine research were also discussed.